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623 英语水平测试
1.Cloze：讲open-data的一些利弊，以及对研究人员带来的影响。给出的词汇不难，文章也容易读懂，需要注意的是有一个空位于句首，首字母需要大写。给出的单词全是小写的。给出的单词只记得有：
those, that, as, so, likely, growing,
2.改错：大意讲了laugh是人类独一无二的能力。人类之间有各种各样分歧。举了卓别林喜剧的例子，说明人类笑点是共通的。接下来一段讲laugh需要a sense of humor.最后一句没有很读懂。
（1）考察固定搭配be devoid of，原文介词不是of，需要改成of
（2）sense of前面加a
（3）原文：oppose against each other on a great many issues，应去掉against
（4）agree改为disagree
（5）原文大概是：It is a luxury, for unlike other... laughter does not serve biologically useful purpose. for改为though，purpose加s
（6）原文是at odds to the society，需要把to改为with
（7）原文前半句讲笑容从抿嘴微笑到狂笑，后半句讲它们的效果是一样的，原文用了and连接，我把and改为but了
（8）原文为that most xx and xx of all quality. 我把that改为the了，但quality好像要变成复数（我不确定）
（9）something from a refined tinge to an earth quaking roar把something改为somewhere
（10）one-side改为one-sided
（11）so改为because
（12）在句首加That（不确定是不是对的，原文大概是We are reminded of bad things is ...，有两个谓语）
注：（10）（11）（12）都是最后一句话中的错误，我没有读得很明白，（11）（12）仅供参考
3.Gap-filling：有许多都是直接填的，不用变形。考察了固定搭配，形近词辨析。
ingenious genuous genius genuine（讲用了巧妙的手法，给读者/观众留悬念）
blend blanch mixture compound（这题意思是一种饮料是由另两种调成的）
dispose （考了at one's disposal这个短语）
reference description（后面接的介词是to）
insight perspective（原题是what's sb's___ into something）
cycle circle cyclical(___downturns in manufacturing)
4.Reading：四篇阅读长度较长，但比较容易理解，没有什么生词，做题需要仔细推敲。
（1）第一篇讲作者认为violence不可以解决现存的不平等问题，nonviolence才是。有一题考察了文中he was none the wiser是什么意思。
（2）有一篇讲美国人对风力发电的误解，然后一个个澄清。最后说因为风力发电在美国难以发展，那些人就跑到英国去推广，美国将来也有望发展风力发电（最后一段记得不是很清楚）。
（3）有一篇讲语言，大意是讲每个语言最开始都不成系统，没有完整的语法，在后来的使用中慢慢形成语法，形成一种语言，孩子在其中扮演重要角色。举了黑奴在棉花地发明的一种语言，这种语言是用the land owner的语言构成的，刚开始都是只言片语，很难理解，后来他们的孩子在使用过程中，慢慢形成了语法，形成了新的语言体系。还举了另一个例子说明同样的问题。
（4）忘记讲什么了。 Cloze
今年的cloze我感觉比去年的是简单多了，讲的是研究人员在工作生涯初期要不要拥护信息分享，如果原文*不太懂也没有关系，基本上可以一个一个带入从头到尾就能选出来，而且原文固定搭配很明显。我是做到最后又四个不确定的，甚至都没有再检查一遍。。。
Gapfilling
今年的gap是近义词辨析比较多，而相似词辨析比较少，比如我记得有一题是：
Consent,comply,approve,adhere
I asked my friend if we can stay here yesterday, and he____.
相似词辨析很少，我记得有一题是：
Genius,genuine,ingenuous,
The doctor uses a ____ machine to....
Dispart, deport,
After 10 hours’ preparation, the ship is ready to ____
总之gap这道题重点还是要放在近义词辨析来准备。
改错
改错我感觉一直都不简单，我做完了两本半改错书，收益很少，今年的改错我感觉能对是个都不错了，其实大部分都能改出来，比如有一个要an-a，像这些基础类的错误一定要拿到分！
阅读
今年的阅读十分简单！阅读就按照专八阅读来练习就行了，考试难度比专八还低。
第一个阅读说是蓝宝书原题，但是我没做到，不过很简单的。
一个阅读讲的是欧洲殖民对原住民的危害，其他三篇记不太清了。
四片阅读的设问和选项也都很简单，观点都很明确。 CLOZE(有删减）
Data sharing: An open mind on open date
It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a 'crisis' in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.
The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back politics that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share date, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journal and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.
One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary of—or unfamiliar with—open science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movement's benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals.
Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supporters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible science—for example, by affixing an 'open-data' badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.
Funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy. Several strongly encourage, and some require, a date-management plan that makes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these, some philanthropic funders, including the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also mandate open data from their grant recipients.
But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab head's grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing.
Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. "Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped," says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.
Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. "With my institution and teaching load, I don't have postdocs and grad students," says Terry McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California State University, Dominguez Hills. "The stakes are higher to share data because it's a bigger fraction of what's happening in my lab."
Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository, answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours.
The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues—many of whom head selection and promotion committees—might ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. "I've heard this recently—that embracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable," says Ram. "The concern seems to be that open advocates don't spend their time being as productive as possible."
An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field—those who care about open science and those who don't. "There's a new area to navigate—'Are you cool with the fact that I'll want to make the data open?'—when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea," she says.
Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations—one each for the data and software, in addition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits.
Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. "This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it, while discouraging plagiarism," says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. "The two cases I'm familiar with didn't involve open data or code," he says.
Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial date. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on access to others' data. He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists' requests for data.
Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. "Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them," he says.
In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to gain recognition—a crucial component of success. "The thing you are searching for is reputation," says Titus Brown, a genomics researcher at the University of California, Davis. "To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presence—especially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you know—is a net win."
改错（原文）
Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly deficient of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divided world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological clans and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplin’s early films. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, "men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way."
A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from refined tinkle to an earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get one-sided view of things.
READING
A
In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to citiesand by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides,who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence-as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What isreally frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the humanrace, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when wedismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all,we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mopup the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. "Talk, talk, talk," the advocates of violencesay, "all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser." It's rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. "Possible, my lord," the barrister replied, "none the wiser, but surely far better informed." Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
Advocating Violence.
Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.
Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.
The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.
2. Recorded history has taught us
violence never solves anything.
nothing.
the bloodshed means nothing.
everything.
3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
can't get a hearing.
are looked down upon.
are persecuted.
Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.
4. "He was none the wiser" means
he was not at all wise in listening.
He was not at all wiser than nothing before.
He gains nothing after listening.
He makes no sense of the argument.
5. According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is
law enforcement.
knowledge.
nonviolence.
Mopping up the violent
参考答案
BBDCA
B有原文无题目
Indigenous peoples
by Richard Sidaway
'We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children’ (Native American proverb)
In December 2005, Evo Morales became the new President of Bolivia. He was only 46 years old and openly supported the production and use of the coca plant. He also wanted the state to take control of the profitable natural gas industry. But what was really significant was where he came from. He was born into a farming family in the Andes and spent much his life campaigning for the interests of the original inhabitants of the country. He was one of the first leaders of an indigenous people to make it to the top.
There are perhaps 370 million indigenous peoples in 70 countries around the world. They live on 20% of the world’s land, and they contribute 80% of the world’s biological and cultural diversity. For the last few hundred years, however, European colonialism has marginalised them. Europeans gave them diseases against which they had no defences, suppressed their culture and language, and tried to assimilate them into western societies.
Sometimes they almost disappeared from history. Few people today have heard of the Herero of Namibia. Eighty per cent of their population died from starvation a century ago at the hands of German colonisers. In 1803, there were 10,000 people living in Tasmania, but after the British declared war on them twenty years later, only 300 survived. The last Tasman died in 1905.
The main reason for the decimation of indigenous peoples has been to get their land and natural resources. In Colombia, a hundred years of oil extraction has resulted in the pollution of rivers, soil and drinking water. The story is repeated in Ecuador and Peru. In Brazil, the government plan to build five large dams on the Xingu River. These will flood thousands of square kilometres of tribal reserves and destroy much agricultural land.
Often governments have used forced relocation to get the local inhabitants out of the way. In Botswana today it is happening because of diamond mining and tourism. In the islands of Diego Garcia, in the Indian Ocean, the entire population were banished forever in order to build an airbase.
Land has a spiritual significance for indigenous people. In 1985 the Australian government finally recognised this and returned ownership of Uluru (Ayers Rock) to the Pitjantjatjara Aborigines. In the USA, however, the government is planning to store radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, although it is a sacred site for the Shoshone nation.
Businesses often try to take possession of indigenous cultures. Multinational companies wanted to become the owners of traditional knowledge in areas such as food, farming and health. They have tried to create patents on plants and medicines that indigenous people have used for centuries.
Native languages are also disappearing. They were banned in schools for decades. Parents stopped using them to communicate in the home, and so they were no longer passed from one generation to another.
Sometimes families have been affected in more dramatic ways. In Australia, it was government policy from 1900-1972 to forcibly remove aboriginal children from their parents and bring them up in institutions.
Health problems such as obesity, heart disease and diabetes are another feature of indigenous life. The writer Paul Theroux, travelling in the Pacific, noted that most islanders’ diets nowadays consisted of junk food and canned fish imported from Japan thousands of miles away - despite the fact that they were surrounded by water, and fishing had been a way of life for millennia.
So is the election of Mr Morales, in one of the world’s poorest countries, a sign that things are finally getting better? Various peoples around the world now have their own representation. There is a Sámi parliament in Sweden and an Assembly of First Nations in Canada.
Formal Apologies were passed in several Australian State Parliaments in 1998 for the past mistreatment of the Aboriginal population. In Aotearoa/New Zealand, the Treaty of Waitangi Act has made it possible for Maoris to claim back land, fisheries and forest in special courts where they have equal representation with non-indigenous people. The Miskito Indians in Nicaragua have had similar success.
Some Native American Tribes have recently become extremely wealthy because of a change in the law. They can now start casinos on their own land. Some people worry about the morality of this, but some of the profit has been used for improvements in education and health.
The meeting between western and indigenous cultures has not often been a happy one, but perhaps there is hope yet for the continued diversity of humankind.
C有原文无题目
http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_5af57e2e0100gk66.html
D
C
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动词) and suffixes (后缀), we can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey different meanings. However, the question which many language experts can’t understand and explain is—who created grammar?
Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. Since the slaves didn’t know each other’s languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. They have little in the way of grammar, and speakers need to use too many words to make their meaning understood. Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. Slave children didn’t simply copy the strings of words used by their elders. They adapted their words to create an expressive language. In this way complex grammar systems which come from pidgins were invented.
Further evidence can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a group of gestures; they use the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, although deaf children were taught speech and lip reading in the classrooms, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures they used at home. It was basically a pidgin and there was no consistent grammar. However, a new system was born when children who joined the school later developed a quite different sign language. It was based on the signs of the older children, but it was shorter and easier to understand, and it had a large range of special use of grammar to clarify the meaning. What’s more, they all used the signs in the same way. So the original pidgin was greatly improved.
Most experts believe that many of the languages were pidgins at first. They were initially used in different groups of people without standardization and gradually evolved into a widely accepted system. The English past tense—“ed” ending— may have evolved from the verb “do”. “It ended” may once have been “It end-did”. It seems that children have grammatical machinery in their brains. Their minds can serve to create logical and complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.
623
1.Cloze
Data sharing: An open mind on open date
It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a 'crisis' in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.
The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back politics that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share date, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journal and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.
One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary of—or unfamiliar with—open science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movement's benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals.
Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supporters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible science—for example, by affixing an 'open-data' badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.
Funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy. Several strongly encourage, and some require, a date-management plan that makes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these, some philanthropic funders, including the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also mandate open data from their grant recipients.
But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab head's grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing.
Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. "Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped," says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.
Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. "With my institution and teaching load, I don't have postdocs and grad students," says Terry McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California State University, Dominguez Hills. "The stakes are higher to share data because it's a bigger fraction of what's happening in my lab."
Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository, answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours.
The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues—many of whom head selection and promotion committees—might ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. "I've heard this recently—that embracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable," says Ram. "The concern seems to be that open advocates don't spend their time being as productive as possible."
An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field—those who care about open science and those who don't. "There's a new area to navigate—'Are you cool with the fact that I'll want to make the data open?'—when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea," she says.
Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations—one each for the data and software, in addition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits.
Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. "This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it, while discouraging plagiarism," says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. "The two cases I'm familiar with didn't involve open data or code," he says.
Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial date. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on access to others' data. He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists' requests for data.
Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. "Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them," he says.
In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to gain recognition—a crucial component of success. "The thing you are searching for is reputation," says Titus Brown, a genomics researcher at the University of California, Davis. "To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presence—especially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you know—is a net win."
2.改错
Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. ( 这是改错原文的前两句。)
1.be devoid to →of
2.serve biological useful purpose →加 a
3.laughter is a unified force
4.human beings oppose against each other
5.nations may agree about systems of government
6.but laughter, in turn, depends on …
7.…depends on that most complex and subtle of all human quality
8.Have an universal appeal
9.Charlie Chaplin’s earlier films
10.The little man at odds to society never…
11.Laughter may be something from a refined tingle to an earth quaking roar
12., and the effect is always the same
13.Humor helps us to maintain correct sense of values→加 a
14. The one quality which political fanatics appear to lack of
15.See the fun side
16.We are always reminded of tragedy is not really far removed from comedy
17.…one-side view of things
（还有3个忘记了）
3.Gap-filling
1.Genius, ingenious, genuine, ingenuous
… . ingenious device
2.Dispose, propose, compose, suppose
…at your disposal
3.Inform, acquaint, notify, advice
I want to___ myself with your strengths and weaknesses.
4.attentive, careful, cautious, prudent
The hotel staff are friendly and __ to their guests.
5.cycle, cynical, cyclical, circle
some people do not even realize that __ downturns are normal in manufacturing.
6.improve, accelerate, recover, renew
economic activity will only ___ gradually, with several years of high employment due to business closures and delayed investment.
7.memory, describe, recommend, refer
the Indian American writer’s new book is full of ___ to growing up in India.
8.Accustom, familiar, acculturate, accommodate
I have never thought that I would have become ___ to such a warehouse.
9.Truthful, exact, faithful, correct
Mathematics is an ___ subject that admits of no deviation.
10.Require, request, inquire
All plants ___ water.
11.Forgive, forget, forbid, foresee
The visit to Louvre is the most ___ memory in my life.
12. Depart, deport, separate, apart
Within 90 minutes the ship is ready for ___.
13. Path, track, road, lane
When you are driving in the motorway, don’t cross___ or get in others’ way.
14.Altitude, insight, perspective17
What’s your friends ___ into parking sharing plans of the community.
15. Affect, afflict, affront, affluence
He regarded the comment as an ___ to his dignity.
16. Consent, comply, conform, approve
(留宿在别人家的请求)，he __consented___.
17. Empty, vacant, blank, hollow
The pipe is ___, you can see through it.
18. Task, job, chore, assignment
Feeding chicken and milking cows are his ___ on farm.
19. Supple, develop, improve, change
A part-time job is a/an __ to a full-time job.
20. Combination, blend, mixture, compound
This coffee is a __ of Java and Brazil.
4.阅读
1.讲的是在某些国家，种族偏见很明显，且是用暴力方式来解决的。关于种族暴力的历史记载很多，但是都没有教会我们任何东西，我们没有认识到暴力和流血是没有意义的。解决种族问题最关键的应该是遵循法律规定。
第一题是选择最合适的题目
第二题是问历史教会了我们什么
第三题是问truly reasonable men是怎样的
第四题“he was none the wiser”是什么意思
第五题解决种族偏见最好的方法是什么
2.这一篇讲这个主席上台后是当地土著人的福音，他没当台之前土著人受迫害，孩子被强迫与父母分开，去到一些组织生活，不给说自己的本土语言，他们的语言要濒临灭绝。后面讲到现在他们的状况，发展得很好，尤其开赌场赚钱，有人担忧这会不会影响到他们的道德等问题，然后作者表示无需担忧，整体是对当地土著人持肯定态度
3. 这一篇讲到科学家追溯语言起源很容易，但是理解语言如何形成自己系统那个过程很难，还举例一种语言，那些奴隶在奴隶主压迫下形成自己的语言，因为他们只允许讲奴隶主的语言，他们就从奴隶主的语言上形成自己的语言，因为只是为了奴隶之间方便沟通，没有特定的语法，也比较复杂，甚至他们自己的孩子在开始学讲话时都很难听懂这门语言，还举例聋哑人的语言，以前没有特定的系统学习，各自有各自的手势规则，现在聋哑人可以上学专门学习同一套规则，手势等变得更加简洁和凝炼了，还谈到很多其他语言可能从语言（某种小众语言）演化，最后科学家推断语法系统可能是从小孩子那里形成因为他们大脑里面一些结构等原因
4.美国1970年慢慢开始发展风力发电，但是后来又没继续了，讲了对风力发电的理解有偏差的地方，例如价格、发电量等，还有设计设施流程化优化相关的。与欧洲相比，美国的风力发电有很大的开发和使用潜力。
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