17年翻译与写作--写作部分

yuyiyang

发现pdf形式大家都不怎么下，那我就发一个文字版本的。希望可以有所帮助吧。凭借记忆找到了summary文章的出处，来自于一本书 Cultural Tourism in Europe的chapter 1. 40分

The cultural heritage of Europe is"one of the oldest and most important generators of

tourism" (Thorburn, 1986), and itretains its central role in the European tourism industry to

this day. According to the European Union,"tourism, and especially cultural tourism in a

broader sense,..... deserve priorityattention" as policy areas (Bernadini, 1992). Cultural

tourism has become recognized as animportant agent of economic and social change in

Europe. Politicians now refer to culturalheritage as "Italy’s General Motors" (Fanelli, 1993)

or as "the oil industry ofFrance" (Mosser, 1994).

The dramatic metaphors attached to therapid growth of tourism and cultural consumption

are appropriate. The cultural and touristindustries appear to be advancing in all European

nations and regions, occupying the spacesvacated by manufacturing industry, and claiming

strategic city centre locations (Corijn andMommaas, 1995). Cultural consumption has

grown, and tourism is an increasinglyimportant form of cultural consumption, encouraged

and funded by local, national andsupranational bodies. This reflects the change from an era

when production drove consumption, to theconsumer society where consumption drives

production. By attracting that most mobileof consumers, the tourist, cities, regions and

nations can secure the consumption powernecessary to fuel their productive capacity.

The cultural tourism market in Europe istherefore becoming increasingly competitive. A

growing number of cities and regions in theEuropean Union are basing their tourism

development strategies on the promotion ofcultural heritage, and the number of cultural

attractions is growing rapidly. Traditionalcultural attractions such as museums and galleries

are having to reassess their role as thepressure to generate visitor income intensifies, and

the need to compete with a new generationof commercial tourist attractions grows. The

opening up of new cultural tourismdestinations in Eastern and Central Europe will add to

the growing supply of distractions for theEuropean cultural tourist in future.

On the global stage, Europe has longenjoyed a dominant position in international tourism

and the cultural industries. However, justas manufacturers are facing growing global

competition, so Europe can no longer becomplacent about its leading position in the cultural

tourism market. Europe is losing marketshare in the global tourism market as a whole

(Brent-Ritchie HW DO, 1993), and it isalso facing growing competition in the sphere of cultural

production and consumption.

The culture and tourism industries are nowgrowing fastest in those areas which used to be

on the margins of global production. Agrowing number of tourists are forsaking the

Mediterranean beaches for the palm-fringeddelights of Asia and the Caribbean. The

manufacture of CDs and much other culturalsoftware is now dominated by East Asia.

Countries in these former peripheralregions are also beginning to compete with Europe in

traditional ’high culture’ markets.Examples include the moves by Singapore to literally ’buy

into’ the international art auctionsmarket, and the creation by the Taiwanese government of

a $365 million cultural foundation tounderpin the island’s fast growing art market

Greg Richards (1996, ed.) Cultural Tourismin Europe.(Robertson, 1993).

There is no doubt that culture is animportant tourism resource in Europe, and that

maintaining the competitiveness of theEuropean tourism product is vital. However, a

number of questions surround the use ofcultural resources by tourists. Who are the tourists

who use these cultural facilities? Why dothey engage in cultural tourism? How great is the

demand for cultural tourism? What elementsof culture attract cultural tourists? Whose

culture is being consumed by the culturaltourists? Few previous studies have attempted to

answer these basic questions.

Essay Writing 60分

到底是应在class instruction（formal education）中 foster Critical thinking，还是naturally developin interpersonal communication，你是倾向哪一个观点？