17年广外翻译与写作--写作部分
发现pdf形式大家都不怎么下，那我就发一个文字版本的。希望可以有所帮助吧。凭借记忆找到了summary文章的出处，来自于一本书 Cultural Tourism in Europe的chapter 1. 40分The cultural heritage of Europe is"one of the oldest and most important generators oftourism" (Thorburn, 1986), and itretains its central role in the European tourism industry tothis day. According to the European Union,"tourism, and especially cultural tourism in abroader sense,..... deserve priorityattention" as policy areas (Bernadini, 1992). Culturaltourism has become recognized as animportant agent of economic and social change inEurope. Politicians now refer to culturalheritage as "Italy’s General Motors" (Fanelli, 1993)or as "the oil industry ofFrance" (Mosser, 1994).The dramatic metaphors attached to therapid growth of tourism and cultural consumptionare appropriate. The cultural and touristindustries appear to be advancing in all Europeannations and regions, occupying the spacesvacated by manufacturing industry, and claimingstrategic city centre locations (Corijn andMommaas, 1995). Cultural consumption hasgrown, and tourism is an increasinglyimportant form of cultural consumption, encouragedand funded by local, national andsupranational bodies. This reflects the change from an erawhen production drove consumption, to theconsumer society where consumption drivesproduction. By attracting that most mobileof consumers, the tourist, cities, regions andnations can secure the consumption powernecessary to fuel their productive capacity.
The cultural tourism market in Europe istherefore becoming increasingly competitive. Agrowing number of cities and regions in theEuropean Union are basing their tourismdevelopment strategies on the promotion ofcultural heritage, and the number of culturalattractions is growing rapidly. Traditionalcultural attractions such as museums and galleriesare having to reassess their role as thepressure to generate visitor income intensifies, andthe need to compete with a new generationof commercial tourist attractions grows. Theopening up of new cultural tourismdestinations in Eastern and Central Europe will add tothe growing supply of distractions for theEuropean cultural tourist in future.
On the global stage, Europe has longenjoyed a dominant position in international tourismand the cultural industries. However, justas manufacturers are facing growing globalcompetition, so Europe can no longer becomplacent about its leading position in the culturaltourism market. Europe is losing marketshare in the global tourism market as a whole(Brent-Ritchie HW DO, 1993), and it isalso facing growing competition in the sphere of culturalproduction and consumption.
The culture and tourism industries are nowgrowing fastest in those areas which used to beon the margins of global production. Agrowing number of tourists are forsaking theMediterranean beaches for the palm-fringeddelights of Asia and the Caribbean. Themanufacture of CDs and much other culturalsoftware is now dominated by East Asia.Countries in these former peripheralregions are also beginning to compete with Europe intraditional ’high culture’ markets.Examples include the moves by Singapore to literally ’buyinto’ the international art auctionsmarket, and the creation by the Taiwanese government ofa $365 million cultural foundation tounderpin the island’s fast growing art marketGreg Richards (1996, ed.) Cultural Tourismin Europe.(Robertson, 1993).
There is no doubt that culture is animportant tourism resource in Europe, and thatmaintaining the competitiveness of theEuropean tourism product is vital. However, anumber of questions surround the use ofcultural resources by tourists. Who are the touristswho use these cultural facilities? Why dothey engage in cultural tourism? How great is thedemand for cultural tourism? What elementsof culture attract cultural tourists? Whoseculture is being consumed by the culturaltourists? Few previous studies have attempted toanswer these basic questions.
Essay Writing 60分到底是应在class instruction（formal education）中 foster Critical thinking，还是naturally developin interpersonal communication，你是倾向哪一个观点？
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